Clinic
Your working page — how to run the clinic, what to know for the clinic you're in, how to refer on, and how to close each consultation.
This app is still under development — not all of the current information should be considered reliable. Please discuss with colleagues to confirm.
Department Overview
The Dermatology department runs outpatient clinics across four sites: Royal Berkshire Hospital (RBH) — the main site — plus Townlands Hospital (Henley), West Berkshire Community Hospital (Thatcham) and Bracknell Healthspace — see Hospital Sites. Services include general dermatology, urgent suspected cancer (2WW), acne, biologics, rheum/derm, vulval, paediatric, nail, hair, phototherapy, PDT, and minor ops.
Inpatient consults are managed via the on-call team. All acute referrals from A&E and inpatient wards are made as EPR referrals — there is no derm bleep.
Referral Pathways
Indications
- Suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD)
- Occupational dermatitis — nickel, rubber, fragrance, preservatives
- Periorbital or facial eczema not responding to topicals
- Eczema in unusual distribution
- Suspected cosmetic allergy
- Hand eczema with possible contact component
Exclusions / Contraindications
- Active widespread eczema (risk of false positives / excited skin)
- Systemic immunosuppressants within 4 weeks (discuss with consultant)
- Pregnancy (defer unless urgent)
- Unable to attend x3 appointments over 4–5 days
How to Refer
- Check inclusion/exclusion criteria above
- Open MModal FLEX and dictate a letter with "Referral for patch testing" as the first heading
- In the recipient field, type a name and click Add New Contact. Address the letter to:
Patch Testing
Dermatology Department
Churchill Hospital
Oxford
OX3 7LE
- Include in the letter: clinical indication, current medications, suspected allergen(s), occupation, and prior patch test history
- Advise patient: must attend 3 appointments (Day 0, Day 2, Day 4) — cannot attend if back/upper arm skin is broken or actively inflamed
Appropriate Indications (BAD guidance)
- High-risk BCC: H-zone face, recurrent, morphoeic/infiltrative, large (>2cm face, >3cm trunk)
- High-risk SCC: >2cm, poorly differentiated, perineural invasion, recurrent, immunosuppressed
- Lentigo maligna (melanoma in situ) — where tissue conservation critical
- Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP)
- Sebaceous carcinoma (periocular)
- Selected Merkel cell carcinoma
Not Appropriate For
- Standard low-risk BCCs on trunk/limbs
- Melanoma (except LM/LMM — discuss with MDT)
- Patient unfit for prolonged local anaesthetic procedure
- Patient on anticoagulants not able to pause (assess risk)
How to Refer
- Arrange a scoop biopsy first to confirm the diagnosis before referring
- Once histology confirmed, refer via MModal FLEX — include background, clinical details, and timing clearly in the letter
- Choose one of the two referral options below:
Dermatology Department
Churchill Hospital
Oxford
OX3 7LE
01 Outpatient Village
Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital
Great Maze Pond
London
SE1 9RT
Indications — NB-UVB
- Psoriasis (moderate–severe, or topical-refractory)
- Atopic eczema (topical-refractory)
- Vitiligo
- Mycosis fungoides (early stage)
- Pruritus (uraemic, cholestatic)
- Polymorphic light eruption (desensitisation)
Indications — PUVA
- Palmoplantar psoriasis / eczema
- CTCL (mycosis fungoides)
- Lichenoid conditions
Contraindications
- Xeroderma pigmentosum or photosensitivity disorder
- History of melanoma or multiple BCCs
- Active SLE / photosensitive drug use (for UVB)
- Pregnancy or breastfeeding (for PUVA — psoralen)
- Cataracts or inability to wear eye protection (PUVA)
- Unable to attend 2–3× weekly for 6–8 weeks
How to Refer
- Confirm patient meets indications and has no contraindications
- Complete the phototherapy referral form — specify NB-UVB or PUVA, prior treatments, skin type (Fitzpatrick I–VI), and any photosensitising medications
- Hand the completed form to the CAT team
- Ensure the patient is given a phototherapy leaflet before they leave
- Phototherapy nurse will contact the patient to arrange scheduling and baseline assessment
Phototherapy Unit: [Location] | Contact: Ext. XXXXX
| Service | Referral Route | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Skin Cancer MDT | Via MDT coordinator — Ext. XXXXX | Melanoma, high-risk SCC, MCC, DFSP. Meets [Day, time]. |
| Rheumatology – Connective Tissue | e-RS / internal [EPR] | Lupus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma. Joint clinic available [Day]. |
| Ophthalmology | Internal [EPR] referral | Ocular rosacea, orbital involvement, uveitis. Urgent if vision at risk — same day via A&E. |
| Gynaecology | Internal [EPR] referral | Lichen sclerosus with malignant change, vulval cancer MDT. Joint vulval clinic available. |
| Plastic Surgery | Internal [EPR] referral | Reconstruction post-Mohs, complex excisions, fasciocutaneous flaps. |
| Immunology / Allergy | Internal [EPR] referral | Drug allergy, urticaria MDT, complex angioedema. |
| Wound Care Nursing | Direct contact — Ext. XXXXX | Chronic wounds, leg ulcers, complex dressings. |
Clinic Overview
Patient Lists & Check-In
- Patient lists are displayed under Schedule. When the patient has been checked in at reception, their name will turn green.
Checkout — OP Outcome
- It is the clinician's responsibility to check out each patient under the OP Outcome tab.
- Tick everything you have done — most commonly Dermoscopy and Cryotherapy — then click Checkout (green box at the top).
- After saving and refreshing, the patient banner should turn grey.
- Only one outcome can be selected — see Outcomes & Follow-Ups for the full list of outcome codes and when to use each.
DNA (Did Not Attend)
- First DNA: Right-click the patient on Schedule and select Did Not Attend. Click Communicate on the patient record and send a message to the CAT 8 Dermatology team to re-book.
- Second DNA: Discharge the patient. Write to the GP explaining, and ask them to re-refer if the problem persists.
All letters are written via MModal FLEX — you can type, dictate with voice recognition, or use a mixture.
Finding the Patient
- Type the patient's MRN to find their encounter, or select No Encounter
- Select Letter to GP
Required Letter Structure
- Diagnosis
- Management plan — in alphabetical format (A / B / C …)
- Advice to GP — include only if asking GP to prescribe on your behalf (e.g. Efudix). Omit this heading if not applicable.
- Follow-up plan — e.g. discharged, pending histology, or follow-up in X months
- Main body of the letter — full appropriate history including PMH, drug history, allergies, presence/absence of pacemaker or implantable device
- If you want the patient to have a prescription, ask the GP to prescribe it — this is the default route for anything non-urgent
- Request it under the "Advice to GP" heading in your MModal letter
- Tell the patient it may take up to 2 weeks for the GP to issue the prescription
- A standard footnote at the bottom of letters explains this — delete it if you are not requesting a prescription
| Option | When to Use |
|---|---|
| Collect Now | Patient will collect their medication immediately from the Outpatient Pharmacy — i.e. straight from clinic. |
| Collect Later | All other outpatient prescriptions — e.g. prescribing over the phone, or the patient is coming at a different time / later that day. |
Clinic-Specific Guides
Common Presentations
- Moderate–severe inflammatory acne (papulopustular, nodular)
- Scarring or pigmentary change
- Failed primary care (topical retinoid + antibiotic × 3 months)
- Acne in females (consider hormonal workup — PCOS, late-onset CAH)
- Psychological impact / acne excoriée
Initial Assessment
- Grading: Global Acne Grading Scale / Leeds score
- Distribution: face, chest, back
- DLQI (psychological impact)
- Prior treatments and duration
- Female patients: LMP, contraception, menstrual irregularity
- Family history of severe acne
Isotretinoin Prescribing — Key Points
- Standard dose: 0.5–1 mg/kg/day. Cumulative target: 120–150 mg/kg
- Bloods before starting: LFTs, fasting lipids, FBC
- Follow-up bloods: order using the careset on EPR — go to Orders, search "isotretinoin", and select the male or female careset
- Advise: avoid waxing/laser for 6 months, use SPF daily, lip care (e.g. Vaseline)
- Mood monitoring: document baseline mood/PHQ; advise to report changes
- Contact sports / gym: can continue but advise on fragile skin
Follow-up Interval
Oral antibiotics: 8–12 weeks. Isotretinoin: 4–6 weeks initially, then 3-monthly — order as Derm Roaccutane F/U. Full list: Intervals by Condition.
Urgent suspected cancer referrals (formerly known as two week wait / 2WW) make up a large proportion of the dermatology workload. The majority of these referrals will be to exclude melanoma, SCC and high-risk BCCs.
When seeing these patients, a thorough history should include: history of the lesion, UV exposure, skin type, prior/family history of skin cancer, relevant PMHx and immunosuppression.
Rely on clinical and dermoscopic assessment to decide on the management options outlined below.
Surgery — What We Do In House
- Excisions, shave C&C ×3, punch biopsy, incisional biopsy on the body
- Shave C&C ×3, incisional biopsy, punch biopsy on the face
- Small facial excisions (<1cm) can be kept in house, and some larger facial lesions can be booked on a consultant list — speak to a consultant to discuss what is appropriate
- Where possible, do not book everything as biopsy first — if the lesion needs removing, book for excision/removal unless there is real diagnostic uncertainty that will impact treatment
- How to list: forms, booking times, surgeon level and photos — see Minor Op Listing
Surgery — When to Refer Out
- Lesion >1cm on the face (excluding scalp/neck) → ENT (ears/nose) or Plastic Surgery (anywhere else)
- ENT do NOT accept pigmented lesions — only BCC and SCC. Send pigmented lesions to Plastics.
- Cases requiring flaps or grafts → Plastics or ENT (we do not do these in house)
- Recurrent BCC / clearly morphoeic BCC in a cosmetically sensitive site → consider pre-Mohs scoop biopsy. Local Mohs centres: Oxford and London (GSTT). Discuss in MDT once result back.
- To refer out: write a referral letter via MModal specifying urgency — 2WW, urgent (within 6 weeks), or routine
PDT (Photodynamic Therapy)
- We offer standard and artificial daylight PDT (e.g. suitable for large superficial BCC)
- Arrange a diagnostic biopsy first, give the patient a PDT leaflet, and complete the PDT referral form (paper)
- Hand the form to the nurse at the end of clinic
Cryotherapy
- Available in clinics — ask the nurse in charge where the cryotherapy is kept
- Document in your letter: number of freeze/thaw cycles and duration
- Give a cryotherapy leaflet to every patient treated
- Photographs should be taken for all patients and lesions
- Use the Alertive app (download onto your trust phone)
- Mark the correct lesion with a surgical marker — circle it or draw two pointed arrows to indicate it
- Take three images: (1) overview of the area to orientate the surgeon (e.g. 'back'), (2) close-up of the lesion, (3) dermoscopic image where possible
Benign Lesions
We do not treat (and are not funded to treat) benign lesions — including irritated seborrhoeic keratoses. If you determine the lesion is benign, discharge back to the GP. They can refer to Loddon Vale GP Practice for removal of symptomatic benign skin lesions, or suggest private providers.
Leaflets
Give patients written information wherever possible — it improves understanding and communication. Folders with the most commonly needed leaflets will be available in clinic. If you need one that isn't there, ask the nurse to print it.
Consent for Surgery
Consent is obtained on the day of the procedure, not at the consultation appointment. You do not need to complete a consent form during clinic.
Follow-up slots are limited — only order if genuinely needed.
- For PIFU: select PIFU on the OP Outcome in EPR, then also add a Derm PIFU order separately
- For all other follow-up order types, see the Follow-Up Ordering section
Common Diagnoses
- Lichen sclerosus (LS)
- Lichen planus (LP) — erosive
- Lichen simplex chronicus
- Contact/irritant dermatitis
- Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
- Psoriasis, eczema
- Plasma cell vulvitis (Zoon's)
Clinic Tips
- Always offer chaperone — document in notes
- Vulvoscopy / magnification aids diagnosis
- Consider biopsy if: VIN suspected, diagnosis unclear, poor response to treatment
- Review all topical products used (soaps, wipes, lubricants)
- Lichen sclerosus — lifelong follow-up due to SCC risk (~4%)
Lichen Sclerosus — Management
- First line: Clobetasol propionate 0.05% — maintenance regimen (e.g. reducing from nightly to 2× weekly)
- Provide written treatment plan — "The British Society for Vulval Diseases" patient leaflet
- Annual review — assess for architectural changes, malignant change, and adherence
- Refer to gynaecology if: scarring affecting function, VIN, or any suspicious area
General derm clinics cover the breadth of dermatological conditions not managed by specialist sub-clinics.
Common Conditions Seen
- Eczema
- Chronic urticaria / angioedema
- Psoriasis
- Lichen planus
- Rosacea
- Bullous pemphigoid / pemphigus
- Drug reactions (DRESS, SJS/TEN)
- Skin infections (cellulitis, tinea, HSV, VZV)
Clinic Running Tips
- Photograph lesions & rashes using Alertive — see Clinical Photography
- For biologic prescribing — confirm with the consultant
Biologics — Pre-prescribing Checklist
Common Presentations
- Cutaneous lupus (discoid, subacute, systemic overlap)
- Dermatomyositis (heliotrope rash, Gottron's papules)
- Systemic sclerosis / morphoea
- Psoriasis with psoriatic arthritis
- Vasculitis with systemic features
- Overlap syndromes / undifferentiated CTD
Clinic Tips
- Screen every psoriasis patient for PsA (PEST questionnaire) — early arthritis referral prevents joint damage
- Lupus workup: ANA, ENA, dsDNA, complement, urinalysis at every visit
- Dermatomyositis: check CK, consider malignancy screen (age-appropriate) and myositis antibody panel
- Skin biopsy ± DIF often helpful for lupus — discuss protocol before biopsy
- Shared-care DMARDs (methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine): agree who monitors — document clearly in the letter
- Hydroxychloroquine: baseline + annual ophthalmology screening after 5 years
How Patients Get Into This Clinic
- Internal referral from general derm or rheumatology when both specialties needed
- Book follow-up into the combined clinic slot; add clinical context in the comments field
Common Presentations
- Psoriatic nail disease (pitting, onycholysis, subungual hyperkeratosis)
- Onychomycosis (fungal nail) — confirmed or suspected
- Lichen planus of the nail
- Nail unit tumours (subungual melanoma, glomus tumour)
- Chronic paronychia
- Twenty-nail dystrophy
- Habit-tic deformity
Clinic Tips
- Photograph nails at each visit for monitoring
- Nail clippings for mycology before starting oral antifungals — ensure adequate sample from proximal involved nail and subungual debris
- Dermoscopy (onychoscopy) useful for pigmented lesions and early diagnosis
- Oral terbinafine: check LFTs before starting; avoid in hepatic impairment
- Nail biopsy: punch or lateral longitudinal biopsy — discuss with consultant
Onychomycosis Treatment
- Confirm with mycology (nail clippings) before systemic treatment
- Terbinafine 250mg od: fingernails 6 weeks, toenails 12 weeks
- Itraconazole pulse (200mg bd for 1 week/month): fingernails ×2 pulses, toenails ×3 pulses
- Topical amorolfine: suitable for distal/lateral disease without matrix involvement — poor cure rate for extensive disease
Common Presentations
- Alopecia areata (patchy, totalis, universalis)
- Androgenetic alopecia (male and female pattern)
- Telogen effluvium (diffuse shedding)
- Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA)
- Lichen planopilaris (LPP)
- Scarring alopecias (central centrifugal, discoid lupus)
- Trichotillomania
Initial Assessment
- Scalp dermoscopy (trichoscopy) — key diagnostic tool
- Hair pull test — positive if >6 hairs in telogen phase
- Bloods: FBC, ferritin, TFTs, zinc, B12, folate (tailored to history)
- Scalp biopsy (4mm punch × 2): one in formalin, one in Michel's for DIF — for suspected scarring alopecia
- Document: onset, rate of progression, distribution, family history, medications, recent illness or stress
Key Management Points
- Patient is seen in general dermatology clinic by any clinician
- Assess whether the patient meets the criteria for Ritlecitinib (SALT ≥50 + criteria per Rebecca's guidance)
- If the patient meets criteria: book a follow-up appointment and write "Ritlecitinib" in the comments field — this ensures they are booked into Rebecca's specific hair clinic
- If the patient does not meet criteria: discharge
Common Presentations
- Lichen sclerosus (BXO) — phimosis, white plaques, fissuring
- Lichen planus (erosive or papular)
- Psoriasis / seborrhoeic dermatitis
- Zoon's balanitis (plasma cell balanitis)
- Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN)
- Contact/irritant dermatitis
- Fixed drug eruption
Outcomes & Follow-Ups
Which OP Outcome to Select
At checkout, tick everything done in clinic (dermoscopy, cryotherapy etc.), then select the outcome under the OP Outcome tab. Only one outcome can be chosen — pick the one that reflects the patient's onward disposition.
| Outcome | Meaning | Local Guidance |
|---|---|---|
| Outcome pending investigation OUTCOME PEND | Patient to be sent for outpatient diagnostic investigation | e.g. post-MOPS before results back |
| Add to waiting list for treatment ADD WL TREAT | Add to waitlist for treatment | Booking a MOP to treat the lesion — even if the specimen is also sent for histo to confirm |
| Add to waiting list for diagnostic ADD WL DIAG | Add to waitlist for a diagnostic procedure | Diagnostic biopsy only |
| Discharge DISCHARGE | Discharged back to referring GP | Use if discharging at all — even if you've also treated |
| Follow up treated previously FOLLOWUP TRE | Requires a post-treatment follow-up appointment | — |
| Follow up not yet treated FOLLOWUP | Not yet treated, requires a follow-up appointment | Should be rare — we treat ~99% in clinic |
| Open appointment — no order OPEN APPT | Non-discharged patient without follow-up can contact to request an appointment | Avoid — use PIFU (bottom of the selection) instead |
| Treatment given in clinic TREATED | Required treatment given during the current appointment | e.g. cryotherapy, topicals started |
| Active Monitoring Only ACTIVE MONIT | Initiate or continue "Watch & Wait" active monitoring | — |
| Admitted from clinic ADMITTED | Admitted as an inpatient from the current clinic | — |
| Internal referral to another team REFER RBH | Referred to another RBH specialty | e.g. Plastics, ENT, Gynae |
| Refer for diagnostic/opinion at another Trust REFEROUT DIA | Referred to another Trust for diagnostic / opinion | e.g. patch testing |
| Refer for treatment at another Trust REFEROUT TRE | Referred to another Trust for treatment | e.g. Mohs |
| PIFU PIFU | Patient-initiated follow-up | Bottom of the selection — this also places the order |
Listing for a Minor Op — Essentials
- Green form = 2WW · White form = diagnostic / urgent / soon / routine. Complete ALL sections + your initials at the top; hand to the nurse at end of clinic
- Booking times: punch/shave biopsy 30 min · shave C&C ×3 30 min · incisional 40 · body excision 40 · facial excision 40 · 2 lesions (≥1 excision) 60 · 2 shaves/biopsies 40 — add 10 min each for capacity form (form 4), mobility issues, or interpreter
- Surgeon level: "ANY" (default) · "FACIAL" (any head/neck excision) · "CONSULTANT" (use sparingly)
- Larger facial lesions: some can be booked on a consultant list rather than referred out — speak to a consultant to discuss what is appropriate
- Pre-op photos via Alertive are mandatory — mark the lesion (circle or two arrows), take overview + close-up + dermoscopic. Surgery will not go ahead without them
- Consent is taken on the day of the procedure — no consent form needed in clinic
- Full technique guides and margins: Minor Ops & Procedures
Which Follow-Up Order Type to Use
Selecting the correct order type is important for CATs and capacity management.
| Situation | Order Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| VHRFU & HRFU | Derm 2WW F/U | Do not use Derm F/U — CATs-efficient way of capturing in a timely manner. |
| Vulval follow-up | Derm Vulval F/U | Do not use generic Derm F/U for vulval patients. |
| Acne initiation & first iso nurse F/U | Derm Roaccutane F/U | Use for initiation and first nurse F/U (4–5 weeks after starting isotretinoin). |
| Transplant / lesion follow-up | Derm Transplant F/U | Include clinical comments on the order. |
| Systemics (non-biologic) | Dermatology Pharmacist F/U | Or Biologics F/U — whichever is appropriate for the agent. |
| Biologics | Derm Biologics F/U | Use for all biologic monitoring reviews. |
| Paediatric dermatology | Derm Paeds F/U | Do not use generic Derm F/U. |
| PIFU | Derm PIFU | Ordered via Mpage — see PIFU tab → |
| General derm (eczema, psoriasis, BP, nail, hair, lesions) | Derm F/U | Only for general derm — not for any specific pathway above. |
How to Place a Follow-Up Order
- At end of consultation, open the Outcome Form (Mpage)
- Select the correct order type from the table above
- Enter timeframe and any clinical comments
- For PIFU — see the PIFU tab, do not use the Orders tab
- Confirm and sign off
PIFU — Patient-Initiated Follow-Up
- Complete the consultation and open the Outcome Form (Mpage)
- Select the bottom option: "PIFU"
- Choose patient type: Paediatric or Adult (Standard)
- Tick "12 months"
- Click "OK" to sign off
Follow-Up Intervals by Condition
| Clinic / Condition | Recommended Interval | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Acne — Initiation of oral antibiotics | 8–12 weeks | Review response, compliance, side effects. Switch if no improvement at 3 months. |
| Acne — On isotretinoin | 4–6 weeks initially, then 3-monthly | Monthly dispensing. Bloods with each appointment (first 3 months). Order as Derm Roaccutane F/U. |
| 2WW — No cancer found | Discharge with safety net or PIFU | Provide return pathway information. Document dermoscopy findings. |
| Melanoma / SCC & VHRFU / HRFU | As per Skin Cancer MDT | Order as Derm 2WW F/U. Frequency directed by MDT outcome. |
| Psoriasis — On topicals | 3–6 months | Earlier if severe flare. Shared care possible with GP. Order as Derm F/U. |
| Psoriasis — On biologics | 3-monthly (first year), then 6-monthly | Bloods per biologic protocol. Annual PASI/DLQI. Order as Derm Biologics F/U. |
| Lichen sclerosus / Vulval | Annual | Lifelong due to SCC risk. Order as Derm Vulval F/U. |
| Atopic eczema — Child on systemic | 4–6 weeks initially, then 3-monthly | POEM/CDLQI at each visit. Bloods per agent. Order as Derm Paeds F/U. |
| Bullous pemphigoid | 2–4 weeks initially | Monitor BP, glucose, osteoporosis risk if on steroids. Anti-BP180 titre monitoring. |
| Phototherapy — Course | Review at 15–20 treatments, end of course | Phototherapy nurse monitors each session. Consultant review at intervals. |
| Chronic urticaria | 8–12 weeks on new treatment | UAS7 at each review. Step up if inadequate (antihistamine → omalizumab). |
| Transplant patients / lesion surveillance | Annual | Order as Derm Transplant F/U. Include comments on the order. |
Minor Ops & Procedures
Minor Operations (MOPS)
Use paper surgical proformas — handed in to the nurse at the end of clinic. Green = 2WW, White = urgent / routine / diagnostic.
- Medical photographs should be taken in advance of the procedure where possible — surgery will not go ahead without a pre-op photograph confirming the lesion. See the Photographs section in the 2WW guide.
- Use the Green form for all 2WW / highest priority cases (suspected SCC, melanoma, high-risk malignancy). Use the White form for urgent, routine, or diagnostic cases.
Booking Times
| Procedure | Time |
|---|---|
| Punch or shave biopsy | 30 min |
| Shave C&C ×3 | 30 min |
| Incisional biopsy | 40 min |
| Body excision | 40 min |
| Facial excision | 40 min |
| 2 lesions (at least 1 excision, e.g. shave + excision or 2 body excisions) | 60 min |
| 2 shaves / biopsies | 40 min |
Surgeon Level
- Punches, shaves, shave C&C ×3, body excisions → write "ANY"
- Any excision on the head or neck → write "FACIAL"
- Particularly complex cases → write "CONSULTANT" (use sparingly — most facial surgeons can handle most things)
- Small facial excisions (<1cm) are kept in house, and some larger facial lesions can be booked on a consultant list — speak to a consultant to discuss what is appropriate
Excision Margins
| Lesion Type | Margin | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Pigmented lesions (diagnostic excision) | 2mm | Narrow margin for diagnosis. WLE margins are specified by MDT following histology — do not use 2mm for WLE. |
| Non-pigmented lesions (e.g. BCC, SCC, benign) | 4mm | Standard margin for non-pigmented lesions. |
| Non-pigmented lesion ≥2cm | 6mm | Larger margin for bigger lesions to account for lateral spread. |
| Wide local excision (WLE) | As per MDT / skin cancer team | Margin determined by tumour type, Breslow thickness (melanoma), and site. Always follow MDT outcome. |
Technique
- Mark lesion + margin with surgical marker; photograph before and after marking
- Inject 1% lidocaine ± adrenaline (avoid adrenaline on digits, nose tip, ear tip, penis)
- Design ellipse along relaxed skin tension lines — aim for 3:1 length:width ratio to allow flat closure
- Incise to subcutaneous fat; undermine broadly at the same plane
- Close in layers: deep dermal absorbable sutures (e.g. 3-0 Vicryl) then surface interrupted sutures
- Send specimen in formalin — clearly label site, orientation (mark superior pole with suture or ink), and mark 2WW / urgent if applicable
Suture Removal
- Face: 5–7 days
- Scalp, neck, trunk, limbs: 10–14 days
- Back / lower leg: 14 days (slower healing)
Incisional Biopsy
Partial removal of a lesion where complete excision is not indicated or feasible. Used for large lesions, to establish diagnosis before definitive treatment, or where excision would be disfiguring.
- Select the most representative area — typically active edge for inflammatory, centre for tumour
- Inject LA; make a small ellipse or wedge incision through the lesion into dermis/subcutis
- Close primarily or leave to heal by secondary intention depending on size/site
- Send in formalin with full clinical details
Punch Biopsy
Most commonly used biopsy technique in derm. Provides full-thickness skin core.
- Select site — active edge for inflammatory, centre for tumour
- Infiltrate with 1% lidocaine ± adrenaline; stretch skin perpendicular to tension lines
- Insert punch (3–6mm; 4mm most common) with firm rotating pressure to full depth
- Lift core with fine-toothed forceps; cut base flush with iris scissors
- Suture: 1–2 interrupted nylon 4-0 or 5-0; or leave to heal by secondary intention on trunk
- Send in formalin — or see specific protocols below for special requests
Shave / Scoop Biopsy
Best for exophytic lesions — seborrhoeic keratoses, dermal naevi, skin tags, molluscum. Avoids sutures.
- Infiltrate with LA to elevate the lesion proud of the skin surface
- Use a No.15 blade or DermaBlade in a tangential plane — shave flush with skin or scoop beneath the lesion
- Haemostasis with aluminium chloride or Monsel's solution; avoid diathermy if sending to histology
- Apply Vaseline + non-adhesive dressing; heals by secondary intention
- Send in formalin; label as urgent/2WW if clinically indicated
Special Biopsy Protocols
Required for suspected autoimmune blistering conditions: bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiformis, linear IgA, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
- Site: perilesional normal skin (adjacent to blister, not within it) — except for DH where buttock or normal skin is preferred
- Medium: Michel's transport medium — NOT formalin. Request from lab in advance.
- Take a separate punch (3–4mm) in addition to routine histology punch
- Label clearly: "DIF — Michel's medium" on the form and pot
- Transport to lab promptly; do not freeze
Scalp biopsy for alopecia requires specific technique to maximise diagnostic yield.
- Take two 4mm punch biopsies from the affected area (active zone, e.g. advancing hairline for FFA)
- One biopsy processed as vertical sections (routine H&E); one as horizontal/transverse sections — label each pot separately and specify on the form
- Select area of active disease: erythema, scale, or follicular loss — avoid completely bald areas
- For scarring alopecias (FFA, LPP): target the advancing margin
- For non-scarring (AA, AGA, telogen effluvium): mid-scalp, clinically involved area
- Send both in formalin; clearly annotate "alopecia protocol — horizontal and vertical sections required"
For unclear inflammatory rashes, biopsy selection and timing matters.
- Biopsy an active, established lesion — avoid early lesions (<24–48h old) and very chronic lesions where histology may be non-specific
- Punch biopsy (4mm) to full depth is standard; incisional biopsy for annular/morphoeic lesions where edge is important
- Avoid biopsying leg lesions in patients with venous disease unless essential (poor healing)
- If vasculitis suspected: biopsy within 24–48h of lesion onset for best yield of vessel changes
- Include on form: clinical diagnosis, differential, any treatment given, lesion age, systemic symptoms
- If lupus or LE overlap suspected — discuss DIF with consultant
Shave followed by three cycles of curettage and cautery (C&C ×3). Used for superficial BCCs and selected low-risk skin tumours where excision would be disproportionate or site-unsuitable.
Indications
- Superficial or nodular BCC — low risk site (trunk, limbs, scalp)
- Pyogenic granuloma
- Seborrhoeic keratoses (symptomatic)
- Not suitable for: H-zone BCC, morphoeic/infiltrative BCC, recurrent tumours, or sites with poor healing (lower leg, PVD)
Technique
- Infiltrate with 1% lidocaine + adrenaline; allow full vasoconstriction (2–3 min)
- Initial shave: use a No.15 blade to debulk the visible lesion flush with skin surface. Send shave specimen in formalin.
- Cycle 1: Curette the base and margins firmly — BCC feels soft and grainy vs firm surrounding dermis. Use a medium curette (3–4mm). Cauterise thoroughly with hyfrecator.
- Cycle 2: Re-curette the same area. Cauterise again.
- Cycle 3: Final curette pass. Final cauterisation of base and 3–5mm margin.
- Apply Vaseline + non-adhesive dressing. Heals by secondary intention over 3–8 weeks.
Suture Selection Guide
| Layer / Site | Suture Type | Size |
|---|---|---|
| Deep dermal (subcutaneous) — all sites | Absorbable (Vicryl / Monocryl) | 3-0 or 4-0 |
| Surface — face, neck | Non-absorbable monofilament (Prolene / Ethilon) or Monocryl (buried) | 5-0 or 6-0 |
| Surface — scalp | Staples or Nylon | 3-0 |
| Surface — trunk, limbs | Nylon (Ethilon) or Prolene | 3-0 or 4-0 |
| Surface — back / lower leg | Nylon (Ethilon) | 3-0 |
| Punch biopsy defect | Nylon (Ethilon) | 4-0 or 5-0 |
Suture Removal
| Site | Removal timing |
|---|---|
| Face / eyelids | 5–7 days |
| Scalp, neck | 7–10 days |
| Trunk, upper limbs | 10–14 days |
| Back, lower limbs | 14 days |
Other Clinic Procedures
Indications
- Viral warts (verrucae, hand warts)
- Seborrhoeic keratoses (symptomatic or cosmetically troubling)
- Actinic keratoses (AK) — field treatment in combination with other methods
- Superficial BCC (small, low-risk) — confirm with consultant
Technique — Liquid Nitrogen (LN₂)
- Clean area with alcohol wipe and allow to dry
- Apply liquid nitrogen with spray gun or cotton-tipped applicator — maintain 1–2 cm distance for spray
- Freeze–thaw cycle: freeze until 2mm ice ball forms around lesion; allow to thaw; repeat ×1–2 for resistant lesions
- Document: site, size, number of freeze-thaw cycles, any adverse events
- Advise patient: expect redness, blistering within 24–48h; blister may be burst with clean needle; healing over 1–2 weeks
- Label mycology pot with patient details and clinical details (site, clinical diagnosis, prior antifungal treatment)
- Scrape the active edge of the lesion (not the centre) using a blunt scalpel or edge of microscope slide
- For nails: clip the most proximal involved nail and scrape subungual debris
- Collect onto black card (included in mycology kit) — enough material is key
- Send to microbiology / mycology lab — results take 3–6 weeks for culture
Admin, Pathology & MDT
Path Result Decision Tree
| Scenario | Route | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Benign / expected, fully excised | Action yourself | Letter to GP + patient with result and plan. Discharge or arrange surveillance. Acknowledge the result in EPR. |
| Cancer needing discussion — melanoma, high-risk SCC, MCC, DFSP, involved/close margins | Skin Cancer MDT | Forward the result as an EPR message to the Skin Cancer MDT inbox [inbox name] with a short clinical summary (site, size, context, what's been done). Tell the patient a plan will follow MDT. Order Derm 2WW F/U per MDT outcome. |
| Diagnostically uncertain — clinico-pathological mismatch, unusual histology, complex case | CPC meeting | Submit to the monthly CPC meeting (below). Send an interim letter to the GP explaining the result is under specialist review. |
| Very complex / rare | Oxford regional | Discuss with your consultant first — they refer to the regional meeting in Oxford (below). |
Skin Cancer MDT
- Meets: [Day, time, location / virtual link]
- How to refer: forward the pathology result via EPR message to the Skin Cancer MDT inbox [inbox name], with clinical summary and photos where available
- Submission deadline: [e.g. 48h before the meeting]
- Coordinator: [Name — Ext. XXXXX]
- Who to send: melanoma, SCC (high-risk or per protocol), MCC, DFSP, incompletely excised tumours, cases needing WLE margins or onward oncology/plastics referral
- After MDT: the clinician who saw the patient actions the outcome — letter, WLE booking or onward referral, and the correct follow-up order (Derm 2WW F/U for VHRFU/HRFU)
CPC Meeting (monthly)
- Purpose: clinico-pathological correlation — uncertain path, discordant clinical/histological findings, complex management decisions
- Meets: [Day of month, time, location]
- How to submit: [process — e.g. email case details + slide request to coordinator]
- Bring: clinical photos, dermoscopy images, the histology report, and a focused question
- After discussion: document the CPC outcome in EPR and write to the GP/patient with the final plan
Oxford Regional Meeting
- Purpose: very complex or rare cases needing supra-regional input (rare tumours, complex CTCL, difficult management dilemmas)
- Route: via your consultant — cases are not submitted directly by juniors
- Meets: [frequency, location / virtual]
- Prepare: full case summary, imaging, histology (slides may need sending to Oxford in advance), and clinical photos
Chasing & Turnaround
- Routine histology: 2–6 weeks; mark urgent on the form for faster turnaround
- Urgent cancer results: call histopathology directly — Ext. XXXXX
- Check your results inbox at the start and end of every working day
Protocols & Guidelines
Topical Therapy Potency Guide
| Potency | Examples | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|
| Mild | Hydrocortisone 1%, 0.5% | Face, flexures, children <1yr, mild eczema |
| Moderate | Clobetasone butyrate (Eumovate), Betamethasone valerate 0.025% | Eczema on body, mild psoriasis |
| Potent | Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, Mometasone, Fluocinolone | Chronic eczema/psoriasis on trunk/limbs |
| Very potent | Clobetasol propionate 0.05% (Dermovate) | Palms/soles, lichen sclerosus, discoid LE — short courses only |
Systemic Treatment Monitoring
Search for the "Blood monitoring for systemics" file on the F drive → Policies, Protocols and Procedures folder.
Useful Formulary Links
- Local Formulary: [Link to trust formulary / intranet page]
- BAD Patient Information Leaflets: www.bad.org.uk/pils
- NICE Dermatology Guidance: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/conditions-and-diseases/skin-conditions
- DermNet NZ: www.dermnetnz.org — excellent clinical reference
Hospital Sites
- What runs here: [Main site — clinics, minor ops, phototherapy, MDT…]
- Location & parking: [Address, travel and parking tips]
- Key contacts: Front desk 6954 · Back desk 8701 · CAT 8: 1888
- Notes: [Info to follow]
- What runs here: [Clinics held, frequency]
- Location & parking: [Address, travel and parking tips]
- Key contacts: CAT 13 (Townlands): 40157 · CAT13@royalberkshire.nhs.uk
- Notes: [Info to follow]
- What runs here: [Clinics held, frequency]
- Location & parking: [Address, travel and parking tips]
- Key contacts: CAT 12: patient line 40139 · CAT12@royalberkshire.nhs.uk
- Notes: [Info to follow]
- What runs here: [Clinics held, frequency]
- Location & parking: [Address, travel and parking tips]
- Key contacts: CAT 13 (Bracknell): 2900 · CAT13@royalberkshire.nhs.uk
- Notes: [Info to follow]
Contact Directory
Quick Numbers
Consultant Directory
| Consultant | Specialty Interest | Clinic Day |
|---|---|---|
| Dr [Name] | General / skin cancer / Mohs | [Day] |
| Dr [Name] | Paediatric dermatology | [Day] |
| Dr [Name] | Vulval / immunobullous | [Day] |
| Dr [Name] | Acne / biologics / phototherapy | [Day] |
| Dr [Name] | Contact dermatitis / patch testing | [Day] |
Clinical Administration Teams (CATs)
Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust — internal use only. CAT 8 (Dermatology & Haematology) internal line is 1888.
| CAT | Specialties | Internal No. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CAT 1 | ENT, Oral & Max Fax, Orthodontics & Plastics | 1881 | CAT1@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 2 | Ophthalmology – RBH | 1882 | CAT2@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 2A | Ophthalmology – PCEU Windsor | 3302 | — |
| CAT 3 | General Surgery, Breast Surgery & Colorectal | 1883 | CAT3@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 3A | Urology | 1891 | CAT3A@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 4 | Gastroenterology | 1884 | CAT4@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 5 | Orthopaedics | 1885 | CAT5@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 6 | Maternity & Gynaecology | 1886 | CAT6@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 7 | Paediatrics | 1887 | CAT7@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 8 | Dermatology & Haematology | 1888 | CAT8@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 8A | Audiology | 1897 | — |
| CAT 9 | Diabetes, Endocrinology, Renal & Rheumatology | 1889 | CAT9@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 10 | Elderly Care, Neurology, Stroke & Neuro Rehab | 1893 | CAT10@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 11 | Cardiology & Respiratory | 1894 | CAT11@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 12 | West Berkshire Community Hospital | Patient: 40139 | CAT12@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
| CAT 13 | Townlands & Bracknell | Townlands: 40157 / Bracknell: 2900 | CAT13@royalberkshire.nhs.uk |
Useful External Contacts
| Service | Contact | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Histopathology (urgent results) | Ext. XXXXX | For urgent derm histology queries |
| Mycology Lab | Ext. XXXXX | Fungal culture results, advice on samples |
| Pharmacy (specialist) | Ext. XXXXX | Biologic prescribing, unlicensed drugs |
| Plastic Surgery | Ext. XXXXX | Reconstructive surgery referrals |
| Rheumatology | Ext. XXXXX | Shared care — psoriatic arthritis, CTD |
| Gynaecology (vulval) | Ext. XXXXX | Vulval cancer MDT, joint clinic |
IT & Systems
EPR — Key Tasks
MModal Fluency is the voice dictation system used for creating clinic letters.
- Open MModal Fluency Flex
- Search for the patient using their MRN, then select the encounter or No Encounter
- Wait for the green light — then speak clearly at a normal pace
- Say punctuation aloud: "full stop", "new paragraph", "comma"
- Review the transcribed text — MModal learns your voice over time but check carefully
- Correct errors: highlight and re-dictate, or type correction
MModal Tips
- Speak in complete sentences — avoid pausing mid-word
- Use the SpeechMike for best accuracy
- Click the grey bar to add commands for common phrases — e.g. a benign lesion letter
- Dictate in a quiet space — background noise reduces accuracy
- For drug names / complex terms: spell out if recognition is poor
- Training sessions available via IT — contact Ext. XXXXX
- Navigate to patient record on [EPR]
- Go to Results → Histopathology
- Results are usually available within 2–6 weeks (mark urgent for faster turnaround)
- For urgent cancer results — call histopathology directly: Ext. XXXXX
- Acknowledge and action the result in EPR — document management plan in notes or letter
- Open patient record → Orders
- Search for required test or use pre-built derm order sets
- Derm order sets available: Methotrexate Monitoring, Ciclosporin Monitoring, Isotretinoin Bloods, Biologics Pre-Screen, Bullous Disease Screen
- Set frequency and clinic collection date if applicable
- Add a clinical indication — required for some tests (e.g. IGRA)
- Sign and submit
- EPR login issues: IT helpdesk — Ext. XXXXX or [helpdesk@nhs.net]
- Smart card reader issues: Check physical connection first; re-insert card; if persists — IT helpdesk
- MModal account setup: Arrange via IT on arrival — allow 1–2 days for provisioning
- New starter access: Request via [line manager / departmental admin] minimum 5 working days before start
- After-hours IT support: Ext. XXXXX (24/7)
Clinical Photography
Clinical photographs are taken using the Alertive app — download the app to get started.
Useful System Links (Intranet)
- Trust Intranet: [intranet URL]
- EPR Login: [EPR URL]
- e-RS (Choose & Book): [e-RS URL]
- Incident Reporting (Datix): [Datix URL]
- Local Formulary: [Formulary URL]
- Patient leaflets (BAD): www.bad.org.uk/pils